The human need for salt has shaped history. Civilizations rose in Africa, China, India, and the Middle East around rich salt deposits. Map each of the developments listed below on the world map provided. Use an atlas to help you. Label the name of the place and the corresponding clue number. Then color as indicated.

1. In earliest times, man, the hunter, got his salt from raw meat, as does the Eskimo hunter. When man began to farm, cereals did not give him enough salt, so the great salt hunt began. Label Alaska and leave it white to symbolize early man and the Eskimo hunter.

2. In China, about 2,700 B.C., the Peng-tzao-kan-mu, the earliest known writing on pharmacology was published. A major portion of this writing discussed more than 40 kinds of salt and included descriptions of two methods of extracting salt. Chinese folklore recounts the discovery of salt. The Chinese emperor, Yu, in 2200 B.C. made salt taxes a major source of revenue. Color China red.

3. Salt was very important economically. Ancient Greeks exchanged their slaves for salt. That is where the expression "not worth his salt" originated. Color Greece yellow.

4. Salt was used as money in many places throughout history. In Ancient Roman times, Roman soldiers were paid partially in salt, a salarium, from which the English word salary is derived. King Ancus Martius (640 - 616 B.C.) founded the first Roman colony at Ostia because of the salt marshes there and the Via Salaria (Salt Road) was built to carry salt to the city. Locate and label Rome, Italy.

5. Twentieth century Ethiopia used salt disks as money. Stacks of them were kept in the treasury. A bride price of salt is customary in Ethiopia. Color Ethiopia green.

6. In the past, in Sudan, where salt was scarce, it was traded for gold. Color Sudan orange.

7. Salt has played a crucial role in religion. There are more than thirty references to salt in the Bible. The Israelites were required to include salt with all offerings. Ancient Jewish temples included a salt chamber. For hundreds of years Roman Catholic priests would place a pinch of salt on a baby's tongue during baptism and say, "Receive the salt of wisdom." When Lot's wife disobeyed God and looked back at the destruction of Sodom, she turned into a pillar of salt. Locate Israel as representative of salt's religious importance. Color Israel purple.

8. Salt has had military importance. For example, it is recorded that thousands of Napoleon's troops died during his retreat from Moscow because their wounds would not heal due to a lack of salt. Locate Moscow, Russia.

9. During the Civil War, Northern generals targeted the South's salt-production facilities because they knew that armies and civilians needed salt to maintain health, preserve food, and tan leather. Color the southeastern United States brown.

10. Settlement patterns were influenced by salt. People have made their home for thousands of years near Hallein, Austria. In 600 B.C. underground mining began. There are relics from Roman times into the Middle Ages that have been found there. For several hundred years this town was the center of the European salt trade from which the name of the state, Salzburg and its capital originated. Locate Salzburg, Austria on your map.

11. Salt taxes have led to angry riots. In the late 1700's hogs and cattle began dying in Britain for lack of salt. Farmers couldn't afford the high salt taxes. Angry mobs rioted. Finally the Parliament abolished the tax. Color Great Britain (The United Kingdom) black.

12. France's long-disputed tax on salt was partially responsible for the French Revolution. The new Assembly ended the tax in 1790, making salt affordable. Color France red.

13. In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi undertook a 200 mile march to the sea to protest Britain's salt tax and the prohibition against gathering one's own sea salt. This started India on its path to independence. Color India green.

14. The Erie Canal, opened in 1825, was known as the "ditch that salt built" because salt was its principal cargo. The salt taxes also helped pay for the canal. Color the Erie Canal, near Syracuse, New York blue.

15. Powerful monopolies in salt have grown through the ages. One example is the first patent issued by the British Crown to an American settler gave Samuel Winslow of the Massachusetts Bay Colony the exclusive right for ten years to make salt by his particular method. Color Massachusetts yellow.

16. In Central Africa until the early 1900's salt could be used to buy a bride. Color the region of Central Africa purple.

17. Salt has been mined for 1000 years at Poland's Wieliczka mine. Generations of salt miners in Poland have carved a national treasure of salt sculptures in the Wieliczka salt mine near Krakow, Poland. Label Krakow, Poland.

18. Salt has been used for preserving food throughout the ages. In medieval society, with relatively poor transportation systems, villages had to be close to self-sufficient for food. In Medieval Sweden good quality arable land was scarce, and had to be used for crops. That meant grazing and foraging animals, mainly cattle and pigs, were turned out into the woodlands to graze. Most meat was butchered in the fall due to a lack of winter fodder. This meat was preserved with salt. Color Sweden orange.